Stimulant laxatives (senna, bisacodyl) should be reserved for occasional breakthrough constipation rather than daily management
Ozempic and the Risk of nAMD A recent article in JAMA Ophthamology (June 2025) suggests that vascular changes triggered by GLP-1 activity may trigger or worsen nAMD in some patients, especially those who are older, diabetic, or already at risk for macular degeneration
The oral NAM and NR can be deamidated by gut microbiota into NA, NAR, NAAD and NAMN in the small intestine and the colon
Indeed, Australian guidelines recommend GLP-1RAs as an add-on option to metformin from the second-line setting (Fig
Erythropoietic protoporphyria , caused by ferrochelatase deficiency producing phototoxic protoporphyrin IX accumulation in erythrocytes, plasma, and skin , provides a research model for studying MC1R-mediated photoprotection in a disease context where protection from visible light-induced phototoxicity is the primary biological endpoint