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In OA models induced by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) and ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), hallmark ferroptosis markers such as glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and solute carrier family seven member 11 (SLC7A11) exhibit significant downregulation, whereas expression levels of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) are elevated (Yao et al., 2021)

Financial Considerations: Three-month protocols provide the most accessible entry point for injectable glutathione therapy, allowing individuals to assess benefits without committing to extended programs

Figure 1 3 Pathophysiological mechanisms of the gut-kidney axis 3.1 The proposal of gut-kidney axis In recent years, increasing evidence indicates a close connection between the kidneys and the gut microbiota, known as the gut-kidney axis, a concept proposed by scholars as early as 2011 ( Figure 2 )